Sources

Primary sources underpin the confirmed legal and policy developments. Secondary legal sources are included only for the explicitly flagged California verification gap. URLs are provided for source auditing.

FTC: reviews, claims and enforcement

1. FTC, Rytr case record and 22 December 2025 reversal: https://www.ftc.gov/legal-library/browse/cases-proceedings/232-3052-rytr-llc-matter. (ftc.gov)
2. FTC, Consumer Reviews and Testimonials Rule Q&A: https://www.ftc.gov/business-guidance/resources/consumer-reviews-testimonials-rule-questions-answers. (ftc.gov)
3. FTC, final review-rule announcement: https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2024/08/federal-trade-commission-announces-final-rule-banning-fake-reviews-testimonials. (ftc.gov)
4. FTC, December 2025 review warning letters: https://www.ftc.gov/business-guidance/blog/2025/12/warning-letter-or-ten-businesses-comply-ftcs-consumer-review-rule. (ftc.gov)
5. FTC, Endorsement Guides Q&A: https://consumer.ftc.gov/business-guidance/resources/ftcs-endorsement-guides-what-people-are-asking. (consumer.ftc.gov)
6. FTC, Advertising Substantiation Policy: https://www.ftc.gov/legal-library/browse/ftc-policy-statement-regarding-advertising-substantiation. (ftc.gov)
7. FTC, Workado case record: https://www.ftc.gov/legal-library/browse/cases-proceedings/2323092-content-scale-ai; final-order announcement: https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2025/08/ftc-approves-final-order-against-workado-llc-which-misrepresented-accuracy-its-artificial. (ftc.gov)
8. FTC, CMG enforcement timeline, 21 May 2026: https://www.ftc.gov/legal-library/browse/cases-proceedings/cmg-media-corporation-matter-timeline-item-2026-05-21. (ftc.gov)
9. FTC, Health Products Compliance Guidance: https://www.ftc.gov/business-guidance/resources/health-products-compliance-guidance. (ftc.gov)

California and Colorado

10. CPPA, final rulemaking record: https://www.cppa.ca.gov/regulations/ccpa_updates.html; implementation timetable: https://www.cppa.ca.gov/announcements/2025/20250923.html. (cppa.ca.gov)
11. CPPA, regulations effective 1 January 2026: https://cppa.ca.gov/regulations/pdf/ccpa_statute_eff_20260101.pdf. (cppa.ca.gov)
12. California Attorney General, Disney settlement: https://oag.ca.gov/news/press-releases/california-wont-let-it-go-attorney-general-bonta-announces-275-million. (oag.ca.gov)
13. Colorado General Assembly, SB26-189: https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/SB26-189; final fiscal note: https://leg.colorado.gov/bill_files/117715/download. (leg.colorado.gov)
14. Colorado Attorney General, current ADMT and chatbot rulemaking: https://coag.gov/ai/. (coag.gov)
15. California Governor, SB 1050 signing announcement: https://www.gov.ca.gov/2026/09/16/governor-newsom-signs-new-law-to-protect-workers-require-disclosures-on-ai-generated-advertising/. (gov.ca.gov)
16. California Assembly, April 2026 AB 2713 committee analysis—historical, not final enacted text: https://apcp.assembly.ca.gov/system/files/2026-04/ab-2713-wicks-apcp-analysis.pdf. (apcp.assembly.ca.gov)
17. Secondary verification leads: Sidley AI Monitor, https://www.sidley.com/en/insights/resources/sidley-ai-monitor; California Lawyers Association legislative update, https://calawyers.org/privacy-law/2026-status-update-on-california-ai-privacy-and-other-technology-related-bills/. (sidley.com)

EU transparency

18. European Commission, Article 50 text: https://ai-act-service-desk.ec.europa.eu/en/ai-act/article-50. (ai-act-service-desk.ec.europa.eu)
19. European Commission, transparency guidelines: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/guidelines-ai-transparency-obligations. (digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu)
20. European Commission, commencement and transition Q&A: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/faqs/transparency-obligations-under-article-50-ai-act. (digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu)
21. European Commission, Transparency Code of Practice: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/code-practice-ai-generated-content. (digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu)

Platforms, standards, copyright and competition

22. Google, documentation change log: https://developers.google.com/search/updates. (developers.google.com)
23. Google, AI optimisation guide: https://developers.google.com/search/docs/fundamentals/ai-optimization-guide. (developers.google.com)
24. Google, Search spam policies: https://developers.google.com/search/docs/essentials/spam-policies. (developers.google.com)
25. NIST, AI Risk Management Framework: https://www.nist.gov/itl/ai-risk-management-framework; measurement playbook: https://airc.nist.gov/airmf-resources/playbook/measure/. (nist.gov)
26. ISO, ISO/IEC 42001:2023: https://www.iso.org/standard/42001. (iso.org)
27. C2PA, Technical Specification 2.4: https://spec.c2pa.org/specifications/specifications/2.4/specs/C2PA_Specification.html. (spec.c2pa.org)
28. US Copyright Office, copyrightability announcement: https://www.copyright.gov/newsnet/2025/1060.html?loclr=licop; AI reports: https://www.copyright.gov/ai/. (copyright.gov)
29. DOJ, Google search case record: https://www.justice.gov/atr/case/us-and-plaintiff-states-v-google-llc; final judgment: https://www.justice.gov/atr/media/1421546/dl?inline=. (justice.gov)